Isn't it a beau---PAUSE---- These are some of the things that I am responsible for knowing on my 1pm Church History II exam tomor, er, today: Week I Constance (Council of Constance): 1414-1418-Hus, who was professor in Prague, argued laity should receive both bread and cup. Was summoned to Council of Constance under safe conduct, was condemned and executed. They also elected a new pope after a papal controversy. Jan Hus: Bohemian/Czech: Hus was professor in Prague, arguing laity should receive both bread and cup. Was summoned to Council of Constance under safe conduct, was condemned and executed. Deposes a spurious pope, declares that church in council is above pope. This did not hold for long, but established an idea that pope is not necessarily the ultimate authority. Girolamo Savonarola: (1452-1498) was famous in the later period of the Renaissance. He became a Dominican monk in 1474 in Bologna and began his work in Florence eight years later. Demanded reform of clergy and casting aside of wealth. He didn’t like indulgences. His theology didn’t carry over to reformation but he was doing something anti-papal. He looked upon himself (and others agreed) as a divinely inspired prophet. He became the real ruler of Florence after the French invasion of 1494. He was excommunicated by Pope Alexander VI and the populace turned against him. He was hanged and burned on May 23, 1497 by the city government. Gregory of Rimini: Augustinian monk. Predestination of the elect. Gabriel Biel: Called the last medieval scholastic. He wrote a commentary on Peter Lombard's Sentences that was the standard text for 300 years. Luther gained his knowledge of medieval theology through this book. Biel was a semi-pelagian in that he taught a balance of grace and works with the initiative on the human side. "to those who do what is within them, God will not deny grace." This fueled the fire of penitential works. (from lecture notes). Biel’s theology allowed practice of indulgences and purgatory. That allowed the Fuggers to lend money and buy prayers to forgive their sin John Wycliff- 1370s, taught at Oxford, the morning star of the reformation, preceded Luther in questioning papal authority, sovereignty and infallibility; transubstantiation and importance of scripture. The Wyclif Bible (which he didn’t write but did prompt) has strong sense of predestination. Thomas Bradwardine: Augustinian, against Palagianism,wrote The Cause of God against the Pelagians 1344. potentia Dei: power of God; what God can do. God exerts his potentia dei on the things he brings into existence potentia absoluta: absolute power; God can do anything according to his nature ie. can’t do evil or “impossible” things (e.g. make square circles) potentia ordinata: ordained power; God creates and sustains the world; limited power that guarantees stability of the world; everything God can do within the limits of the pactum he makes with the created order. gratia Dei: the goodness, grace, of God towards humankind, his undeserved favor grace/goodness of God; cleansing power of God that renews and regenerates sinners; articulus stantis et cadentis ecclesiae: article of the standing and falling of the church; article of Christian doctrine necessary to life and perpetuation of the church; (This is the big deal doctrinal stuff upon which the church stands and falls) Luther claimed justifactio per fidem is such a doctrine. justificatio per fidem; justification through faith; counted as righteous necessitas absoluta: absolute necessity; necessary because it’s opposite is contradictory (e.g. God’s existence) necessitas consequentiae: necessity of the consequences; necessity brought about by previous contingent act; conditional necessity (e.g. God is bound to His plan and promises because He ordained it-remember potentia ordinate) meritum de congruo: - merit of congruity; half/proportionate merit; a merit not deserving of grace, but we do the best we can do, so God does the best He can do. Scotus proposed this against Aquinas who suggested we can do nothing meritorious. Late Medieval Scholastics proposed that you can do a partly meritorious act and God will fill the gaps. That minimal act is the cause for first grace. meritum de condigno: merit of condignity; full merit, deserving of grace and salvation opus dei proprium- the proper work of God; the work of God that is consistent with his nature as good, just, merciful, etc.- what God works as we expect him to work according to his nature opus dei alienum- the works of God that are wildly alien (the way we don’t want God to work,) i.e. The Book of Judges: not sure-does God still do these things and we just can’t explain it? (is the penultimate work, never the ultimate) Augustinianism: Anselm, in the pattern of medieval Augustinians, held the motto: “I believe in order that I might understand.” predestination and irresistible grace; God’s grace that moves us to accept God’s grace. Grace produces that faith and works. (Luther was trained in the Augustinian Order) Semi-Pelagianism: G. Biel. We meet God half-way with salvation. Salvation by grace alone (but through combination of faith and works). Full merit is not really possible, since we are wretched by sin. But with grace, we can do a little. If you can make effort to go to sacrament, you’ve accomplished a little something. Grace flows through sacrament. “Ex opere operato” by the work performed (the priest putting the wafer in your mouth is the work. This can be done so long as there is no mortal sin between you and God—then, grace flows). “Ex opera operantis” by the work of the worker (you, when you bring yourself before the priest) “Those who do what is in them, God will not withhold grace.” This is initial saving grace, which brings you into salvation; Not very different from Arminius--Grace is there waiting for you, you have to pick it up. Is not tied to celebrant’s worthiness. Priest simply does what he is told. Grace flows by the work, not the celebrant or recipient Pelagianism: It is our work that warrants God’s grace. (as opposed to Augustinianism) ------------------p 318, 319 Muller’s Dictionary----------------- Thomism: Thomas Aquinas (in re) Recognize Divine handiwork. These things are caused, so we can work back to first cause.? (class notes) like Scotus in terms of in re, more Aristotelian things are necessary within potentia ordinata, God can’t contradict himself Scotism: Duns Scotus (in re) a response to Thomism, actually, God can do whatever he wants because he wrote and can change the rules, the ordinata. Rather than necessity, its contingency (contingent on God following his rules) Nominalism: Okham, why make up things about God that cannot be proved? That’d be pure postulation. (Post Rem, after things) Since universals cannot be apprehended directly, they possess no reality outside the mind and its acts of judgment (that’d be abstracted knowledge). Principle that only individual things exist. Categories are merely mental and linguistic constructions. Opposed to Greek forms. Part of via moderna in 14-15th century. Nominalist model creates negativistic epistemology and challenges transcendence of God. God is way beyond our understanding. You can’t go from the abstract to the material, you can only go from material to abstract. *Universals: Objective Existence of definitions or categories outside the physical things. The concepts exist, not just the physical thing. universalia ante rem: Existence before being a thing (ala greek forms). Augustinian: truth is Divine illumination. Bonaventure: Inner light is path to God, not through things. And if I have ideas, there must be a God. Ontological argument. universalia in re: Conceptualist. (Aristotle, Aquinas, Scotus) Universals have an extra mental existence but only in the things that they predicated. universalia post rem: Nominalism. (Luther) No extra-mental existence of things at all. universals exist outside language for categories. They are mere names (nomina). Can’t argue the distinctiveness of the divine attributes anywhere but in their own mind. Please keep in mind, this is one week of 8 and does NOT include what we are supposed to know based on the readings we did outside of class. Your prayers would be appreciated. Matty Cooke, I could have used your Latin skills this quarter. Happier posts to come. | 
